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<title>Opera buffa</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opera buffa</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Buffa" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="Buffa_(surname)" title="Buffa (surname)">Buffa (surname)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Opera buffa</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa">[ˈɔːpera<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbuffa]</span>, "comic opera"; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>opere buffe</i>) is a genre of <a href="Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. It was first used as an informal description of Italian <a href="Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a> variously classified by their authors as <i>commedia in musica</i>, <i>commedia per musica</i>, <i>dramma bernesco</i>, <i>dramma comico</i>, <i>divertimento giocoso</i>.

</p><p>Especially associated with developments in <a href="Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the first half of the 18th century, whence its popularity spread to <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, <i>buffa</i> was at first characterized by everyday settings, local dialects, and simple vocal writing (the <a href="Basso_buffo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso buffo">basso buffo</a> is the associated voice type), the main requirement being clear diction and facility with <a href="Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter</a>.

</p><p><i><a href="The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i> considers <i>La Cilla</i> (music by <a href="Michelangelo_Faggioli" title="Michelangelo Faggioli">Michelangelo Faggioli</a>, text by Francesco Antonio Tullio, 1706) and <a href="Luigi_Ricci_(composer)" title="Luigi Ricci (composer)">Luigi</a> and <a href="Federico_Ricci" title="Federico Ricci">Federico Ricci</a>'s<i> <a href="Crispino_e_la_comare" title="Crispino e la comare">Crispino e la comare</a></i> (1850) to be the first and last appearances of the genre, although the term is still occasionally applied to newer work (for example <a href="Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>'s <i><a href="Zeitoper" title="Zeitoper">Zeitoper</a></i> <i><a href="Schwergewicht" title="Schwergewicht">Schwergewicht</a></i>). High points in this history are the 80 or so libretti by Carlindo Grolo, Loran Glodici, Sogol Cardoni<sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various other approximate <a href="Anagram" title="Anagram">anagrams</a> of <a href="Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, the three <a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>/<a href="Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Da Ponte</a> collaborations, and the comedies of <a href="Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> and <a href="Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>.

</p><p>Similar foreign genres such as French <i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a></i>, English <i><a href="Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad opera</a></i>, Spanish <i><a href="Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a></i> or German <i><a href="Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></i> differed as well in having spoken dialogue in place of <i><a href="Recitativo" class="mw-redirect" title="Recitativo">recitativo</a> secco</i>, although one of the most influential examples, <a href="Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="La_serva_padrona" title="La serva padrona">La serva padrona</a></i></span> (which is an <a href="Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">intermezzo</a>, not opera buffa), sparked the <i><a href="Querelle_des_bouffons" class="mw-redirect" title="Querelle des bouffons">querelle des bouffons</a></i> in Paris as an adaptation without sung <a href="Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opéra_bouffon">Opéra bouffon</h2></div>

<p><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a> is the French term for the Italian genre of opera buffa (comic opera) performed in 18th-century France, either in the original language or in French translation. It was also applied to original French <a href="Op%C3%A9ras_comiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéras comiques">opéras comiques</a> having Italianate or near-farcical plots.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term was also later used by <a href="Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> for five of his <a href="Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> (<i><a href="Orph%C3%A9e_aux_enfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphée aux enfers">Orphée aux enfers</a></i>, <i><a href="Le_pont_des_soupirs" title="Le pont des soupirs">Le pont des soupirs</a></i>, <i><a href="Genevi%C3%A8ve_de_Brabant" title="Geneviève de Brabant">Geneviève de Brabant</a></i>, <i>Le roman comique</i> and <i>Le voyage de MM. Dunanan père et fils</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and is sometimes confused with the French <a href="Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a> and <a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">opéra bouffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Comic characters had been a part of opera until the early 18th century, when opera buffa began to emerge as a separate genre, an early precursor having been the operatic comedy, <i><a href="Il_Trespolo_tutore" title="Il Trespolo tutore">Il Trespolo tutore</a></i>, by <a href="Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, in 1679. Opera buffa was a parallel development to <i><a href="Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a></i>, and arose in reaction to the so-called first reform of <a href="Apostolo_Zeno" title="Apostolo Zeno">Apostolo Zeno</a> and <a href="Pietro_Metastasio" title="Pietro Metastasio">Pietro Metastasio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tenth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, in part, intended as a genre that the common man could relate to more easily. Whereas <i>opera seria</i> was an entertainment that was both made for and depicted kings and nobility, opera buffa was made for and depicted common people with more common problems. High-flown language was generally avoided in favor of dialogue that the lower class would relate to, often in the local dialect, and the stock characters were often derived from those of the Italian <a href="Commedia_dell'arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>. The 1701 <i>scherzo drammatico</i> (dramatic jest), <i>Il mondo abbattuto</i> by <a href="Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Nicola Sabini</a> was particularly influential in Naples, creating a popular model due to its use of both Tuscan and Neapolitan dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the early 18th century, comic operas often appeared as short, one-act interludes known as <a href="Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">intermezzi</a> that were performed in between acts of opera seria. There also existed, however, self-contained operatic comedies. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="La_serva_padrona" title="La serva padrona">La serva padrona</a></i></span> (1733) by <a href="Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Giovanni Battista Pergolesi</a> (1710–1736), is the one intermezzo still performed with any regularity today, and provides an excellent example of the style. <i><a href="Lo_frate_'nnamorato" title="Lo frate 'nnamorato">Lo frate 'nnamorato</a></i> (1732) and <i><a href="Il_Flaminio" title="Il Flaminio">Il Flaminio</a></i> (1735), by Pergolesi as well, are examples of the three-act <i>commedia per musica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Apart from Pergolesi, the first major composers of opera buffa were <a href="Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> (<i><a href="Il_trionfo_dell'onore" title="Il trionfo dell'onore">Il trionfo dell'onore</a></i>, 1718), <a href="Nicola_Logroscino" title="Nicola Logroscino">Nicola Logroscino</a> (<i>Il governatore</i>, 1747) and <a href="Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Baldassare Galuppi</a> (<i><a href="Il_filosofo_di_campagna" title="Il filosofo di campagna">Il filosofo di campagna</a></i>, 1754), all of them based in <a href="Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> or <a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The work of these was then resumed and expanded by <a href="Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinni" title="Niccolò Piccinni">Niccolò Piccinni</a> (<i><a href="La_buona_figliuola" title="La buona figliuola">La Cecchina</a></i>, 1760), <a href="Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a> (<i><a href="Nina_(opera)" title="Nina (opera)">Nina</a></i>, 1789) and <a href="Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a> (<i><a href="Il_matrimonio_segreto" title="Il matrimonio segreto">Il matrimonio segreto</a></i>, 1792). The genre declined in the mid-19th century, despite <a href="Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> staged in 1893.

</p><p>The importance of opera buffa diminished during the <a href="Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic period</a>. Here, the forms were freer and less extended than in the serious genre and the set numbers were linked by recitativo secco, the exception being <a href="Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s <i><a href="Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a></i> in 1843. With Rossini, a standard distribution of four characters is reached: a prima donna soubrette (soprano or mezzo); a light, amorous tenor; a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">basso cantante</i></span> or baritone capable of lyrical, mostly ironical expression; and a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">basso buffo</i></span> whose vocal skills, largely confined to clear articulation and the ability to "patter", must also extend to the baritone for the purposes of comic duets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The type of comedy could vary, and the range was great: from <a href="Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini's</a> <i><a href="The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></i> in 1816 which was purely comedic, to <a href="Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <i><a href="The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> in 1786 which added drama and pathos. Another example of Romantic opera buffa would be Donizetti's <i><a href="L'elisir_d'amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">The Elixir of Love</a></i> of 1832.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_and_differences_from_opera_seria">Relation to and differences from <i>opera seria</i></h2></div>

<p>While <i><a href="Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a></i> deals with gods and ancient heroes and only occasionally contained comic scenes, opera buffa involves the predominant use of comic scenes, characters, and plot lines in a contemporary setting. The traditional model for <i>opera seria</i> had three acts, dealt with serious subjects in mythical settings, as stated above, and used high voices (both <a href="Soprano" title="Soprano">sopranos</a> and <a href="Castrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrati">castrati</a>) for principal characters, often even for monarchs.

</p><p>In contrast, the model that generally held for opera buffa was having two acts (as, for example, <i>The Barber of Seville</i>), presenting comic scenes and situations as earlier stated and using the lower male voices to the exclusion of the <a href="Castrato" title="Castrato">castrati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the creation of the characteristic "<a href="Basso_buffo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso buffo">basso buffo</a>", a specialist in <a href="Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter</a> who was the center of most of the comic action. (A well-known basso buffo role is Leporello in <a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart's</a> <i><a href="Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>.)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-tenth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tenth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick J. Smith: <i>The Tenth Muse</i> (Schirmer 1970) p. 103.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBartlet2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Elizabeth_Bartlet_(musicologist)" title="Elizabeth Bartlet (musicologist)">Bartlet, M. Elizabeth C.</a> (2001). "Opéra bouffon". <i><a href="The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43699">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43699</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Le_voyage_de_MM._Dunanan_p%C3%A8re_et_fils_(Offenbach,_Jacques)" class="extiw external" title="scores:Le voyage de MM. Dunanan père et fils (Offenbach, Jacques)"><i>Le voyage de MM. Dunanan père et fils</i> (Offenbach)</a>: Scores at the <a href="International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notably André-Guillaume Contant d'Orville (<i>Histoire de l'opéra bouffon</i>, Amsterdam, 1768, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k81713/f1.image">Vol. I</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8172d/f7.image">Vol. II</a>) used the term as a synonym for <i>opéra comique</i> (<a href="#CITEREFBartlet2001">Bartlet 2001</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackman2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jackman, James L. (2001). "Sabini [Sabino], Nicola". <i><a href="The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Revised by Francesca Seller (8th ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.24234">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24234</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both operas by Pergolesi were originally styled a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">commedia per musica</i></span> by their own librettos (to be precise, <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">commeddeja pe mmuseca</i></span> in <a href="Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> as regards the former): cf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.variantiallopera.it/public/testo/testo/codice/FRATE%7CI-N32%7C000"><i>Lo frate ’nnamorato</i>, 1732</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIr5mQpljFkC&q=Il+Flaminio+1735"><i>Il Flaminio</i>, 1735</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, Burton D. <i><a href="The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></i> (Opera Classics Library Series). Grand Rapids: Opera Journeys, 2005.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Warrack%2C_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrack, John">Warrack, John</a>; West, Ewan (1992), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-869164-5</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Eisen, Cliff</a>, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3">"Mozart" in <i>Grove Music Online</i></a>, <i>Oxford Music Online</i> sections 7–10. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald</a>, <i>A Short History of Opera</i>. New York, Columbia University Press, 1965.</li>

<li>Hunter, Mary (1999), <i>The Culture of </i>opera buffa<i> in Mozart's Vienna: A Poetics of Entertainment</i>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1999. (reviewed in: Stevens, Jane R. "Shifting Focus to Mozart's Operas". <i><a href="Eighteenth-Century_Studies" title="Eighteenth-Century Studies">Eighteenth-Century Studies</a></i>, vol. 35, no. 1 (Fall 2001) pp. 160–162.)</li>

<li>Opera buffa. <i>World Book Online Reference Center</i>. 2008.</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a>, <i>The Oxford illustrated History of Opera</i></li>

<li>Platoff, John (1992). "How Original Was Mozart? Evidence from "Opera Buffa"." <i><a href="Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>: vol. 20, no. 1. Oxford University Press, February 1992. pp. 105–117.</li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Piero_Weiss" title="Piero Weiss">Weiss, Piero</a>; <a href="Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (2001). "Opera buffa (It.: 'comic opera')". <i><a href="The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43721">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43721</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a href="James_Webster_(musicologist)" title="James Webster (musicologist)">Webster, James</a>; Hunter, Mary (1997). <i>Opera Buffa in Mozart's Vienna</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 1997. (reviewed in: Baker, Nicole. "Untitled". <i><a href="Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a></i>, second series, vol. 56, no. 1 (September 1999) pp. 138–140.)</li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="Opera_genres37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_opera_genres" title="List of opera genres">Opera genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Acte_de_ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Acte de ballet">Acte de ballet</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Afterpiece" title="Afterpiece">Afterpiece</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Azione_sacra" class="mw-redirect" title="Azione sacra">Azione sacra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Azione_teatrale" title="Azione teatrale">Azione teatrale</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ballet_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet héroïque">Ballet héroïque</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="B%C3%BChnenfestspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bühnenfestspiel">Bühnenfestspiel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="B%C3%BChnenweihfestspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bühnenweihfestspiel">Bühnenweihfestspiel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber opera</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudevilles" title="Comédie en vaudevilles">Comédie en vaudevilles</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Com%C3%A9die_lyrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Comédie lyrique">Comédie lyrique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Com%C3%A9die_m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_d'ariettes" title="Comédie mêlée d'ariettes">Comédie mêlée d'ariettes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Drame_lyrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Drame lyrique">Drame lyrique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dramma_eroicomico" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramma eroicomico">Dramma eroicomico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dramma_giocoso" title="Dramma giocoso">Dramma giocoso</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dramma_pastorale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramma pastorale">Dramma pastorale</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">Dramma per musica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairy-tale_opera" title="Fairy-tale opera">Fairy-tale opera / <i>Märchenoper</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fait_historique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait historique">Fait historique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Farsa" title="Farsa">Farsa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Festa_teatrale" title="Festa teatrale">Festa teatrale</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="G%C3%A9nero_chico" title="Género chico">Género chico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="G%C3%A9nero_grande" class="mw-redirect" title="Género grande">Género grande</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Grand opera</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Handlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Handlung">Handlung</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Intermezzo#Opera_intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Liederspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Liederspiel">Liederspiel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li>

<li><a href="Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra">Opéra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Opera_ballo" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera ballo">Opera ballo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">Opéra-ballet</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_f%C3%A9erie" title="Opéra féerie">Opéra féerie</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_lyrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra lyrique">Opéra lyrique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Opera_semiseria" title="Opera semiseria">Opera semiseria</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Op%C3%A9rette" class="mw-redirect" title="Opérette">Opérette</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pastorale_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque" title="Pastorale héroïque">Pastorale héroïque</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Posse_mit_Gesang" title="Posse mit Gesang">Posse mit Gesang</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">Radio opera</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescue_opera" title="Rescue opera">Rescue opera</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantische Oper</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Schauspiel_mit_Gesang" class="mw-redirect" title="Schauspiel mit Gesang">Schauspiel mit Gesang</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Schuloper" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuloper">Schuloper</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">Semi-opera</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sepolcro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepolcro">Sepolcro</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_opera_genres#Serenata" title="List of opera genres">Serenata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Songspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Songspiel">Songspiel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Syngespil" class="mw-redirect" title="Syngespil">Syngespil</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tonadilla" title="Tonadilla">Tonadilla</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zauberoper" class="mw-redirect" title="Zauberoper">Zauberoper</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zeitoper" title="Zeitoper">Zeitoper</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zwischenspiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwischenspiel">Zwischenspiel</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comedy299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Comedy299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li>

<li><a href="Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li>

<li><a href="Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li>

<li><a href="Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li>

<li><a href="Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li>

<li><a href="Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li>

<li><a href="Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li>

<li><a href="Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">Off-color humor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Ribaldry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sophomoric_humor" title="Sophomoric humor">Sophomoric humor</a></li>

<li><a href="Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li>

<li><a href="Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li>

<li><a href="Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li>

<li><a href="British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li>

<li><a href="French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_all'italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Commedia_sexy_all'italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li>

<li><a href="Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li>

<li><a href="Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li>

<li><a href="Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Hong Kong

<li>Indonesia

<ul><li><a href="Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Japan

<ul><li><a href="Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li>

<li><a href="Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li>

<li><a href="Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li>

<li><a href="Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li>

<li><a href="Commedia_dell'arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li>

<li><a href="Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li>

<li><a href="Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li>

<li><a href="One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li>

<li><a href="Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatre_of_the_absurd" title="Theatre of the absurd">Theatre of the absurd</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br>and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a>

<ul><li><a href="Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li>

<li><a href="Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li>

<li><a href="Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li>

<li><a href="Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li>

<li><a href="Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li>

<li><a href="Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li>

<li><a href="Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li>

<li><a href="Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li>

<li><a href="Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li>

<li><a href="Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AComedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139331-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Operas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094914">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161724304">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161724304">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="opera buffa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph343742&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548585505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Opera_buffa&oldid=1273774953">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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